良工閥門：套筒結構閥門

　　Lianggong Valve: Sleeve Structure Valve

　　如今人們在流體控制，機器視覺，以及非標自動化等多個領域已經有了較為深入的研究，大家對工業領域的探索已經越過了從0到1的初始階段，向著更精密、更高效、更普適的角度邁進。本期是《一天帶你認識一個新概念》系列的第一期，套筒蒸汽閥篇。我們將專注于高校與研究所近幾年來的研究選題與方向，為大家科普解析這些研究對象。

　　Nowadays, people have conducted in-depth research in multiple fields such as fluid control, machine vision, and non-standard automation. The exploration of the industrial field has surpassed the initial stage from 0 to 1 and is moving towards a more precise, efficient, and universal perspective. This issue is the first installment of the "One Day Introducing a New Concept" series, titled "Sleeve Steam Valve". We will focus on the research topics and directions of universities and research institutes in recent years, and provide science popularization and analysis of these research objects for everyone.

　　蒸汽調節閥是一種由“執行機構+閥體”組成的自動控制閥門，通過接收工業控制系統（如DCS、PLC）的信號，驅動閥芯與閥座相對運動，改變蒸汽流通面積，從而實現對蒸汽參數（壓力/流量/溫度）的精準調節，是調節流體介質流量和壓力以保證機組能夠安全、高效、經濟運行的關鍵控制元件，被稱為熱力系統的“咽喉”①。

　　A steam regulating valve is an automatic control valve composed of an actuator and a valve body. By receiving signals from industrial control systems such as DCS and PLC, it drives the relative movement of the valve core and seat, changes the steam flow area, and achieves precise adjustment of steam parameters (pressure/flow rate/temperature). It is a key control component for regulating fluid medium flow rate and pressure to ensure safe, efficient, and economical operation of the unit, and is known as the "throat" of the thermal system.

　　但隨著工況的復雜化、對精度的高要求，閥內的流態變得十分復雜，普通的蒸汽調節閥已經無法滿足工業活動的需求。因此部分高校與研究所提出了套筒式蒸汽調節閥，并對其結構設計和流動特性進行了研究分析與優化升級。? 作為工業流體控制領域的關鍵設備，套筒式蒸汽閥憑借其穩定的調節性能、抗沖蝕設計和寬工況適配能力，廣泛應用于電力、石化、冶金等行業的蒸汽輸送與工藝控制場景。

　　But with the increasing complexity of working conditions and high precision requirements, the flow state inside the valve has become very complex, and ordinary steam regulating valves can no longer meet the needs of industrial activities. Therefore, some universities and research institutes have proposed sleeve type steam regulating valves and conducted research, analysis, optimization, and upgrading on their structural design and flow characteristics.? As a key equipment in the field of industrial fluid control, sleeve type steam valves are widely used in steam transportation and process control scenarios in industries such as power, petrochemicals, metallurgy, etc., due to their stable regulating performance, erosion resistance design, and wide working condition adaptability.

　　它是一種以“套筒”為核心節流元件的蒸汽控制閥門，通過閥芯在套筒內的軸向移動，改變蒸汽流通面積，實現對蒸汽壓力、流量、溫度的精準調節，同時具備抗汽蝕、減噪音、耐高溫高壓的特性，是工業蒸汽系統“穩工況、降能耗”的關鍵設備。

　　It is a steam control valve with a "sleeve" as the core throttling element, which changes the steam flow area through the axial movement of the valve core inside the sleeve, achieving precise adjustment of steam pressure, flow rate, and temperature. At the same time, it has the characteristics of anti cavitation, noise reduction, and high temperature and high pressure resistance. It is a key equipment for industrial steam systems to "stabilize working conditions and reduce energy consumption".

　　套筒調節閥主要分為三大結構：套筒、閥芯、閥座和閥體。套筒是閥門的“節流核心”，通常開有特定形狀的窗口（如矩形、梯形、V型），窗口設計直接決定流量特性（線性、等百分比、快開）；閥芯與套筒精密配合，通過執行機構（氣動/電動）驅動，沿軸向移動改變窗口開度，控制蒸汽通斷與流量；閥座采用硬質合金或耐磨材料，與閥芯形成密封副，防止蒸汽泄漏；閥體采用耐高溫高壓設計，適配蒸汽介質的極端工況。

　　Sleeve regulating valves are mainly divided into three structures: sleeve, valve core, valve seat, and valve body. The sleeve is the "throttling core" of the valve, usually with windows of specific shapes (such as rectangular, trapezoidal, V-shaped), and the window design directly determines the flow characteristics (linear, equal percentage, fast opening); The valve core and sleeve are precisely matched, driven by an actuator (pneumatic/electric) to move along the axial direction to change the window opening and control the steam on/off and flow rate; The valve seat is made of hard alloy or wear-resistant material, forming a sealing pair with the valve core to prevent steam leakage; The valve body adopts a high-temperature and high-pressure resistant design, suitable for extreme working conditions of steam media.

　　我們可以將套筒調節閥看作“可調大小的水管出水口”：套筒相當于帶固定窗口的“限流板”，閥芯相當于“堵頭”--執行機構推動閥芯移動時，閥芯與套筒窗口的重疊面積變化，蒸汽通過的“通道大小”隨之改變，從而精準調節蒸汽流量；同時，套筒的導向結構能穩定閥芯運動，避免高壓蒸汽沖擊導致的閥芯振動。

　　We can regard the sleeve regulating valve as an "adjustable water pipe outlet": the sleeve is equivalent to a "flow limiting plate" with a fixed window, and the valve core is equivalent to a "plug" - when the actuator pushes the valve core to move, the overlapping area between the valve core and the sleeve window changes, and the "channel size" through which steam passes changes accordingly, thereby accurately adjusting the steam flow rate; At the same time, the guiding structure of the sleeve can stabilize the movement of the valve core and avoid valve core vibration caused by high-pressure steam impact.

　　但國內缺乏高參數閥門的理論依據，普通的套筒蒸汽調節閥在實驗效率與流量特性等多個方面仍需優化。

　　However, there is a lack of theoretical basis for high parameter valves in China, and ordinary sleeve steam regulating valves still need to be optimized in terms of experimental efficiency and flow characteristics.

　　因此浙江大學化工機械研究所人員針對套筒式蒸汽調節閥的開孔優化與流動特性等問題設計了多級套筒式蒸汽調節閥，結構主要由多級套筒、閥體、閥桿、閥蓋和閥芯等組成。過熱蒸汽從閥門進口流入，經過多級套筒和閥芯，從閥門出口流出。多級套筒的作用是使蒸汽流動時產生一定的局部阻力，從而控制過熱蒸汽的絕熱壓縮過程，達到控制蒸汽流量降壓的目的②。（具體參數詳見《自動化儀表》套筒式蒸汽調節閥開孔優化與流動特性分析）

　　Therefore, personnel from the Institute of Chemical Machinery at Zhejiang University have designed a multi-stage sleeve type steam regulating valve to address issues such as hole optimization and flow characteristics of sleeve type steam regulating valves. The structure mainly consists of multi-stage sleeves, valve bodies, valve stems, valve covers, and valve cores. Overheated steam flows in from the valve inlet, passes through multi-stage sleeves and valve cores, and flows out from the valve outlet. The function of multi-stage sleeves is to generate a certain local resistance when steam flows, thereby controlling the adiabatic compression process of superheated steam and achieving the goal of controlling steam flow and reducing pressure. (For specific parameters, please refer to "Optimization of Opening and Flow Characteristics Analysis of Sleeve Steam Regulating Valve in Automation Instruments")

　　當前，盡管高參數場景下的蒸汽調節閥的結構與性能優化仍有提升空間，但多個科研團隊通過結構創新、流場仿真與材料升級的深度融合，使得套筒式蒸汽閥正朝著更精密、更智能、更耐用的方向邁進。未來，隨著人工智能、數字孿生等技術與流體控制領域的進一步結合，套筒式蒸汽閥將在更廣闊的場景中實現突破，為工業智能化轉型注入更強勁的動力，持續守護熱力系統的穩定高效運行，成為“雙碳”目標下綠色制造的重要支撐。

　　Currently, although there is still room for improvement in the structure and performance optimization of steam regulating valves in high parameter scenarios, multiple research teams are deeply integrating structural innovation, flow field simulation, and material upgrades to make sleeve type steam valves move towards greater precision, intelligence, and durability. In the future, with the further integration of technologies such as artificial intelligence and digital twins with the field of fluid control, sleeve type steam valves will achieve breakthroughs in a wider range of scenarios, injecting stronger power into the transformation of industrial intelligence, continuously safeguarding the stable and efficient operation of thermal systems, and becoming an important support for green manufacturing under the "dual carbon" goal.